SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
CBD
📌 IMPORTANT NOTE
These results are preliminary, observed in animal or cell models. Research in humans is still limited.
CBD products are not medicines and should not be used to diagnose, treat, or cure diseases.
💊 Resistant epilepsy
📖 Thiele et al. (2018). Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Lancet, 391(10125), 1085–1096.
-> Multicenter study; statistically significant reductions in atonic seizures in LGS patients treated with purified CBD.
📖 Devinsky et al. (2017). Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(21), 2011–2020.
-> Randomized clinical trial in humans; significant reduction in seizure frequency in patients with Dravet syndrome.
😌 Anxiety and stress
📖 Linares et al. (2019). Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(10), 1270–1278.
-> Maximum anxiolytic effect at intermediate doses (300 mg), suggesting a non-linear dose-response relationship.
📖 Bergamaschi et al. (2011). Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(6), 1219–1226.
-> Clinical trial with volunteers diagnosed with social phobia; significant anxiety reduction observed during exposure to stressful situations.
🧠 Neuroprotection
📖 Cassano et al. (2020). Cannabidiol: A potential therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 359.
-> Scientific review describing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of CBD in neuronal protection.
📖 Bitencourt et al. (2018).Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Alternative for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: From Bench Research to Confirmation in Human Trials. Front. Neurosci., 12, 502.
-> CBD facilitates neurogenesis in the hippocampus and attenuates amygdala hyperactivity, protecting brain structures affected by stress.
🔥 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity
-> WHO Critical Review of CBD; CBD has therapeutic potential for several conditions, consistent with its anti-inflammatory properties.
📖 Borrelli et al. (2009). Cannabidiol reduces colon inflammation in mice through a PPARγ-dependent mechanism. Phytotherapy Research, 23(9), 1099–1104.
-> Study in murine models of colitis; CBD reduced intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10) and iNOS expression.
💥 Pain modulation
📖 Xu et al. (2019). The effectiveness of topical cannabidiol oil in symptomatic relief of peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 20(5), 390–402.
-> Clinical study in humans with peripheral neuropathy; topical CBD reduced pain and itching without significant adverse effects.
📖 Johnson et al. (2010). Efficacy and safety of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in patients with intractable cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 39(2), 167–179.
-> Double-blind controlled study; THC/CBD extract reduced intractable chronic pain in cancer patients.
😴 Sleep and circadian rhythm regulation
📖 Shannon et al. (2019). Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: a large case series. The Permanente Journal, 23, 18–041.
-> Observational study; 66% of patients reported improved sleep quality after 1 month of CBD use.
📖 Murillo-Rodríguez et al. (2014). Potential effects of cannabidiol as a wake-promoting compound. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(2), 229–240.
-> Review describing how CBD can modulate the sleep-wake cycle without causing sedation.
🧬 Antitumor activity
📖 Seltzer et al. (2020). Cannabidiol (CBD) as a Promising Anti-Cancer Drug. Cancers, 12(11), 3203.
-> CBD exhibits antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in various types of cancer (e.g., glioma, breast, and colorectal), mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory/endocannabinoid modulation.
📖 Massi et al. (2013). Cannabidiol as potential anticancer drug. British Journal of Pharmacology, 168(6), 1233–1244.
-> CBD reduced proliferation and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma and breast cancer cells.
🧴 Dermatology
📖 Oláh et al. (2014). Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes.Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(9), 3713–3724.
-> Study with human sebocytes; CBD reduced sebum production and inflammatory mediators associated with acne.
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
CBN
📌 IMPORTANT NOTE
These results are preliminary, observed in animal or cellular models. Research in humans is still limited.
Products with CBN are not medicines and should not be used to diagnose, treat, or cure diseases.
😌 Psychoactivity and safety
📖 Cuttler et al. (2024). A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats.Neuropsychopharmacology.
-> Showed low affinity of CBN for CB1 receptors, producing no euphoric effects.
📖 Lavender I et al. (2023). Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder (‘CUPID’ study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial. BMJ Open
-> 'CUPID' protocol indicating low intoxication and a favourable safety profile at high oral doses of CBN, based on historical data.
🛌 Sleep and rest
📖 Cuttler et al. (2024). A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats.Neuropsychopharmacology.
-> Study in rats; CBN increased total sleep time (NREM and REM) and showed a biphasic effect, with active metabolite 11-hydroxy-CBN.
💥 Pain and pain perception
📖 Campos RMP et al. (2021). Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: From Animal Research to Human Treatment. Frontiers in Physiology.
-> Review on cannabinoid therapies in chronic neuropathic pain, where Cannabinol (CBN) is identified as a CB2R receptor agonist and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor.
-> Pre-clinical study; CBN reduced visceral pain responses in rats.
🧠 Neuroprotection
📖 Schubert et al. (2019). Efficacy of cannabinoids in a pre-clinical drug-screening platform for Alzheimer’s disease.Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
-> In vitro study; CBN reduced oxidative stress and protected neurons exposed to toxins.
🧬 Antitumor activity
📖 Aguzzi et al. (2024). Anticancer effect of minor phytocannabinoids in preclinical models of multiple myeloma. BioFactors, 50(6), 1208–1219.
-> Laboratory study; CBN inhibited the growth of multiple myeloma cells and reduced tumors in animal models.
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
CBG
📌 IMPORTANT NOTE
These results are preliminary, observed in animal or cell models. Research in humans is still limited.
Products with CBG are not medicines and should not be used to diagnose, treat, or cure diseases.
🔬 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity
→ In cell and mouse models of atopic dermatitis (AD), topical cannabigerol (CBG) showed strong anti-inflammatory action, alleviating the clinical severity of the disease and reducing skin thickening.
📖 Anderson et al. (2024). High cannabigerol hemp extract moderates colitis and modulates the microbiome in an inflammatory bowel disease model. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
-> In a mouse model of colitis, CBG-rich extract reduced intestinal inflammation and mitigated metabolic changes associated with inflammatory and oxidative processes, in addition to modulating the microbiome.
📖 Borrelli et al. (2013). Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical Pharmacology, 85(9), 1306–1316.
-> In a study in rats with induced colitis, CBG reduced intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ).
🧬 Antitumour potential
📖 Borrelli et al. (2014). Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid. Carcinogenesis, 35(12), 2787–2797.
-> In vitro study and in animal models of colon cancer. CBG inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of tumor cells.
-> Study on tumor cell cultures; mentioned antiproliferative effects of CBG compared to other phytocannabinoids.
🧠 Neuroprotection
-> Scientific review on potential neuroprotective mechanisms (inhibition of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress).
📖 Valdeolivas et al. (2015). Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington’s disease models. Neurotherapeutics, 12(1), 185–199.
-> Study in Huntington's disease models; CBG reduced neuronal inflammation and preserved neurons.
🧴 Dermatology
-> Proteomic study in UVB-exposed keratinocytes; CBG influenced signalling pathways related to stress response and inflammation, reinforcing scientific interest in its action at the skin level.
-> In keratinocytes exposed to UVA radiation, CBG contributed to reducing oxidative stress and modulating cell membrane properties, suggesting a potential protective effect against environmental damage.
-> An in vitro study with human keratinocytes showed that CBG reduces inflammatory markers and improves cellular parameters associated with the skin barrier. In a small clinical study with volunteers, topical formulations with CBG showed good tolerability and improved indicators of skin hydration and texture.
🍽️ Appetite stimulation
-> Study in rats; oral administration of CBG increased food intake without altering locomotion.
